I te hōhonutanga o te noho tāone me te nekenekehanga o ngā motuka i Haina, kua piki haere te pūngao o ngā waka, ā, kua noho hei tetahi o ngā arai nui e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o ngā tāone. Mā te putanga mai o ngā rama tohu waka ka taea te whakahaere pai i ngā waka, ā, he pānga mārama tēnei ki te whakaiti i te rere o ngā waka, te whakapai ake i te kaha o te rori me te whakaiti i ngā aituā waka. Ko te rama tohu waka he mea tito i te nuinga o te wā ko te rama whero (ko te tikanga kāore e tika kia haere), te rama kakariki (ko te tikanga e whakaaetia ana te haere) me te rama kōwhai (ko te tikanga he whakatūpato). Ka taea te wehewehe ki te rama tohu waka motuka, te rama tohu kore waka motuka, te rama tohu whakawhiti, te rama tohu ara, te rama tohu tohu ahunga, te rama tohu whakatūpato kanapa, te rama tohu whakawhiti rori me te tereina, me ētahi atu, i runga i ngā āhua me ngā kaupapa rerekē.
E ai ki te pūrongo rangahau mākete hōhonu me te matapae rautaki haumi mō te umanga rama tohu waka o Haina mai i te tau 2022 ki te 2027 nā te China Research Institute of China Research&Development Co., Ltd.
I te tau 1968, i whakatakotohia e te Whakaaetanga a te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao mō ngā Waka Rori me ngā Tohu me ngā Ārai Rori te tikanga o ngā rama tohu rerekē. He rama huarahi te rama kakariki. Ka taea e ngā waka e anga atu ana ki te rama kakariki te haere tika, te huri maui, te huri matau rānei, ki te kore tētahi atu tohu e aukati i tētahi hurihanga. Me aro nui ngā waka e huri maui me te huri matau ki ngā waka e taraiwa ture ana i te whakawhitinga waka me ngā kaihaerere e whiti ana i te ara whakawhiti. He rama kore haere te rama whero. Me tū ngā waka e anga atu ana ki te rama whero i muri i te rārangi mutu i te whakawhitinga waka. He tohu whakatūpato te rama kōwhai. Kāore e taea e ngā waka e anga atu ana ki te rama kōwhai te whiti i te rārangi mutu, engari ka taea e rātou te tomo ki te whakawhitinga waka ina tata rawa atu rātou ki te rārangi mutu, ā, kāore e taea te tū haumaru. Mai i taua wā, kua whānuitia tēnei whakaritenga puta noa i te ao.
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te rama waka e whakahaeretia ana e te pūmana iti, e te tukatuka Linux rānei i roto, ā, kei roto i te taputapu he tauranga raupapa, he tauranga whatunga, he kī, he mata whakaatu, he rama tohu me ētahi atu atanga. Kāore i te āhua uaua, engari nā te mea he uaua te taiao mahi, ā, me mahi tonu mō ngā tau maha, he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te pumau me te kounga o te hua. Ko te rama waka tētahi o ngā wāhanga nui o te pūnaha waka o ngā tāone hou, e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā rama waka o ngā rori o ngā tāone.
E ai ki ngā raraunga, ko te rama tohu huarahi tuatahi i Haina ko te British Concession i Shanghai. I te tau 1923 anō, ka tīmata te Shanghai Public Concession ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu miihini i ētahi whakawhitinga huarahi hei tohutohu i ngā waka kia tū, kia neke whakamua. I te 13 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1923, e rua ngā whakawhitinga huarahi nui o Nanjing Road i tuatahitia ki ngā rama tohu, ā, i whakahaeretia ā-ringa e ngā pirihimana huarahi.
Mai i te 1 o Hānuere, 2013, kua whakatinanahia e Haina ngā Whakaritenga hou mō te Tono me te Whakamahi i te Raihana Taraiwa Waka Motuka. I roto i te whakamaoritanga o ngā whakaritenga hou e ngā tari e tika ana, i mārama te whakahua "ko te hopu i te rama kōwhai he mahi takahi i ngā rama tohu huarahi, ā, ka whiua te taraiwa neke atu i te 20 yuan engari iti iho i te 200 yuan, ā, ka tuhia he 6 ngā tohu." I te whakaurunga o ngā ture hou, i pā ki ngā io o ngā taraiwa waka. He maha ngā taraiwa e kore e mōhio ana ina tūtaki rātou ki ngā rama kōwhai i ngā whakawhiti huarahi. Ko ngā rama kōwhai i mua he "whakamaharatanga" mō ngā taraiwa kua huri hei "mahanga ture kore" e wehingia ana e te tangata.
Te whanaketanga o ngā rama huarahi atamai
I te whanaketanga o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea, te raraunga nui, te mātauranga horihori me te hangarau mōhiohio, ka mōhio te tari kawe waka mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hangarau teitei anake ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā raruraru waka e piki haere ana te kino. Nō reira, kua noho te panonitanga "mārama" o ngā hanganga rori hei ia o te whanaketanga o te kawe waka atamai. He huarahi nui te rama waka mō te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā waka o te tāone, ā, ko te whakapai ake i te pūnaha whakahaere rama tohu ka nui te kaha ki te whakaiti i te pēhanga waka. I raro i te papamuri o te whanaketanga tere o te hangarau mātauranga horihori, ka puta ake ngā rama tohu waka atamai e hangai ana ki te tukatuka whakaahua me ngā pūnaha whakauru i te wā e hiahiatia ana mō te whakarōpū mamati me te hopu mamati o ngā whakaurunga me ngā taputapu waka rori. Mō te otinga o te pūnaha whakahaere tohu waka atamai, ko te otinga e whakaratohia ana e te pūnaha whakauru Feiling koia tēnei: i roto i te kāpata whakahaere rori o te mara rama tohu waka i ia whakawhiti, ka taea te hoahoa i te tohu waka me te papa matua ARM whakauru e tika ana o te pūnaha whakauru Feiling.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-21-2022
